Wednesday, October 22, 2008

Train of Thought: Construction methods and material techniques: paper engineering/modelling/craft

boiler roll 2nd imageboiler former





Card modelling techniques are an important area to explore. I feel that it is important to keep the model as straightfoward and lightweight as possible, weighting the wheels if needed (for ease of movement). The images shown above can be found on this site:

http://www.island-publishing.co.uk/card_techniques.htm





Ryo and I have been thinking about all the ways in which we could create various kinds of paper effects. However, having thought about everything from acrylic wheels to casting wheels in polyurethane fast cast with metal powder for the weight, we have decided to come straight back to the engineering of paper and card. Our model is, after all, supposed tto be a card model, and it is good to face up to the challenge of making strong three-dimensional forms from a flexible material.









An interesting way to make complex shapes and forms like the gas bells will be to cast paper pulp into a mould of the correct shape and size. I must research into paper shrinkage rates. There is a way to try and combat paper shrinkage and that is to use china clay or kaolin clay powder in the paper pulp/cellulose mix. This will turn the pulp grey however. Testing will need to be carried out.

We have decided to use paper casting techniques in order tto create the more complex parts of the locomotive, for example, the gas bells on top of the main cylinder.

http://www.papermodelers.com/forum/tutorials/1948-art-paper-casting-card-modeling.html





We have also been thinking about buying in any moving parts we can as this will save us a lot oof time.



Lego pieces should work fine for our needs:

http://us.factory.lego.com/pab/?warning=false&resetbag=&modelid=&speciallinkid=&shipto=






This site is interesting as it shows the high level of quality which can be acheived with card modelling. Go here: http://www.pendonmuseum.com/stocklist/index.html#wagons

This site is shows what the Polish have been up to. Although final models are somewhat disappointing, the plans look good enough. I like in particular the way in which compoound curves are treated. Shame they have not tackled any steam locomotives...
Homepage: http://www.exclusive-models.yoyo.pl/Exclusive-Models_Homepage.html



papercraft_batman_tumbler.jpghttp://blog.makezine.com/archive/2008/07/make_your_own_papercraft.html

Make your own Batmobile! Geeky, I know.....





Kakuro (modular origami) has clearly been taken to another level by this artist, who has won awards for their work.


http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2008/11/heart-automaton-made-of-meshed-moving.html


We must get on! This link is: http://dugnorth.com/blog/labels/Paper.html which is a good blog in its own right.



These automata are good seemingly simple, with good engineeing techniques in use for the strengthening of the material. We could do the same. These models will move costantly, whereas ours will only move one increment at a time. This is the link:
http://www.paperanimations.com/ruffler.html



I am stil unsure how we will put all of this together. Is my idea of using brass rod too complicated? Should I be concentrating on the use of paper and card and wooden dowel where necessary...



These shelves are interesting. This particular method of construction is very strong and a viable method for the internal structure of our locomotive engine and carriages.








The shelves can be found at http://www.untothislast.co.uk/Shelving/CD%20Racks.html.
We have been thinking of using this method of construction for the internal parts of our train.



A simple lamp which is cheap to produce and interesting. Too angular for my liking, but relevant to the project none-the-less. Laser cut acrylic has been employed.











The lamp can be found at: http://www.nest.co.uk/product/sonodesign_profilelamp/.



Train of Thought: General train research

Train of Thought

Here are some interesting images from the 'Collage', the City of London library's image archive and database. It is interesting to see the impact of the Railway on the town and other parts of the country:


London's Railways
London's Railways

"Proposals for the first London railway line, linking London Bridge and Greenwich, were mooted in 1831 and the line was finally opened in 1835. Trains departed hourly. The fare was sixpence. Travellers enthused about the comfort and speed. Meanwhile, work had already begun on the London to Birmingham railway, and Euston Station opened in 1837. Virtually all London's main termini were completed within the next forty years. Huge areas of farmland and housing had to be destroyed. The immense upheaval attracted various artists, in particular Thomas Bury and John Bourne, whose aquatints and lithographs are justly famous. Transport in the central metropolis was improved by the construction of the first Underground line, the Metropolitan, from Paddington to Farringdon, in 1863. Thanks to the new railways Londoners were now able to live at a greater distance from their place of work, and London grew from a compact city into a vast, sprawling metropolis."
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/ExhibitionItem&sp=39048&sp=X


"Birdseye view of the Grand Junction Railway from Skinner Street to Camden Town. Designed by George Remington Jnr. this line was to run from Camden Town to the City, near Newgate Street. It was never built." LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=6219&sp=X&sp=2
There are clearly great changes happening all over London as there are chimneys dotted around the town.

"View of the new Greenwich Railway Station with steam trains and a signalman"
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=7736&sp=X&sp=2


"Goods forwarded by railway". Interior view of the upper works of Pickford's depot, Oval Road, Camden Town. Shows figures moving freight and barrels."
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=15889&sp=X&sp=2
The dawn of the age of steam and the consequent creation of the railways revolutonised many industries, including haulage - gooods could be shipped faster and perhaps be guaranteed a better quality of travel.


"Worcester"; a view over Worcester and the Malvern Hills from the north-east, with a steam train in the distance"

LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=9125&sp=X&sp=2

"View of the Greenwich Railway viaduct under construction."
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=17658&sp=X&sp=2
It is interesting to see the way in which the railway cuts through the land.


"View of a train passing through Primrose Hill Tunnel, St Pancras with figures on either side of the railway banks."
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=18020&sp=X&sp=2


"View of Hyde Park that satirises the advent of the steam locomotive."
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=18817&sp=X&sp=2
A cartoonist's idea of what the future may hold.


"View along a tunnel of the Metropolitan Railway at Praed Street Station showing a steam train. This was the world's first underground passenger railway, constructed between 1860 and 1863. © City of London"
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=20697&sp=X&sp=2

"The Guard of 1852" and "The Guard of 1832"; showing a comparison between a train guard and a coach guard. The phenomenal growth and popularity of the railways between the 1830s and 1850s brought about the rapid demise of the horse-drawn coach. © City of London"
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=25006&sp=X&sp=2 The journey by train would have been comparitively shorter, smoother and less of a hassle than by coach.

Other areas of coach-based road travel which were effected by the railway:



http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=Ztrain+coach&sp=25007&sp=X&sp=2



Section of the Victoria Embankment near Charing Cross station showing the subway, the low level sewer, the Metropolitan Railway (later the District and Circle lines) and a pneumatic railway. The Embankment was built between 1864 and 1870 under the direction of Sir Joseph Bazalgette. © City of London
LINK: http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external/FullScreenImage&sp=W39048&sp=25857&sp=X&sp=2
"


A video which shows a journey around the London Transport Museum can be found at:
http://www.webjam.com/flickrminimeet/
Entitled' 'London Transport Mini Meet, February 2008', it is a pleasant journey about one of the oldest transport systems in the world, hosted by a group of photographers.

Friday, October 3, 2008

Train of Thought: Technical train things.


http://www.sa-transport.co.za/trains/narrow-gauge/ng_info_pictures/bagnall_0-4-2_line_drawing_aj.GIF






Steam Locomotive Valve Gear Animation

http://home.roadrunner.com/~trumpetb/loco/

TECHNICAL STUFF

This page will explore the technical side of steam locomotives and stationary engines.

The animation shown above shows how a steam locomotive Walschaert valve gear works. This is an interesting animation as it has the same principles as the slide valve we will be basing part of our model on, even if it does not have all the same parts; the intended result of transforming longitudinal motion into rotary motion remains the same.

This link: http://home.roadrunner.com/~trumpetb/loco/ leads to a site which not only provided the above animation but which also proves a useful source for links to other sites regarding steam locomotives.

Steam Locomotive Workings Illustration

http://home.roadrunner.com/~trumpetb/loco/locoworks.html

1. Water Compartment 2. Coal Bunker 3. Worm Coal Conveyor 4. Reverse Lever (Johnson Bar) 5. Stoker 6. Throttle Lever 7. Water Gauge 8. Firebox 9. Crown Sheet
10. Safety Valve 11. Turbine-Generator 12. Boiler Water 13. Steam Dome 14. Throttle Valve 15. Boiler Tubes 16. Dry Pipe 17. Water Delivery Check Valve
18. Sand Dome 19. Flue Tubes 20. Superheater Tubes 21. Smokebox 22. Blast Pipe 23. Steam Chest 24. Cylinder 25. Piston
26. Crosshead 27. Main Rod 28. Side Rod 29. Sand Pipe 30. Ashpan Hopper 31. Brick Arch 32. Grate 33. Injector
For valve gear components, see Walschaert Diagram. (54K GIF)
1. Water Compartment2. Coal Bunker3. Worm Coal Conveyor4. Reverse Lever (Johnson Bar)5. Stoker6. Throttle Lever7. Water Gauge8. Firebox9. Crown Sheet
10. Safety Valve11. Turbine-Generator12. Boiler Water13. Steam Dome14. Throttle Valve15. Boiler Tubes16. Dry Pipe17. Water Delivery Check Valve
18. Sand Dome19. Flue Tubes20. Superheater Tubes21. Smokebox22. Blast Pipe23. Steam Chest24. Cylinder25. Piston
26. Crosshead27. Main Rod28. Side Rod29. Sand Pipe30. Ashpan Hopper31. Brick Arch32. Grate33. Injector


The following passage has been cut and pasted from this site, http://home.roadrunner.com/~trumpetb/loco/cbal.html, as it is not only very interesting from an engineering point of view, but an important part of how we will set up our own slide valves. The things we have to know in order to make a good model!


"Why Are the Main Driver Counterbalances Not Symmetrical?
First, recall that locomotive drivers are quartered; ie: the right/left connecting rod pins are oriented 90 degrees apart. As one crank is on dead center, the other is at the position of maximum torque, and the power strokes are evenly spaced throughout the driver rotation. It appears that most locomotive drivers are quartered with the right side leading by 90 degrees, as illustrated. (At least one example however, PRR K-4s #1361, has 'left hand lead'.)
Main Driver Axle Simplified Force Diagram

What may not be obvious is that the counterbalances are doing more than simply statically balancing the crank pin, side rods, main rod, and eccentric crank on their respective sides. The main driver counterbalances are "tipped" to provide a force component on one side (eg: left) to cross-balance a rocking couple caused by the opposite (eg: right) side rods and eccentric crank about their own counterbalance weight. This cross balancing renders the axle/driver assembly in dynamic balance as well as static balance. This concept is applicable for all axles, but apparently was done only for the main axle where the additional mass and larger moment arm of the main rod and eccentric crank is much more significant.
Additionally, notice that the eccentric crank tips a different direction on each side of the locomotive (when the side rod is down the eccentric crank slants toward the front of the locomotive for normal inside admission valve gear). The main axle counterbalance position takes this into consideration also, contributing further to irregularity of the counterbalance weights.
A site visitor (thanks, Tim) comments that few if any American locomotives were cross-balanced before around 1930 (?). Our example Soo #2714 Pacific may have gotten the cross-balanced counterweight design with the Boxpok main driver conversion (ca. 1951?).However, another visitor (thanks, John) cites Union Pacific/AlCo 4-12-2s, designed during 1925, as having noticable evidence of cross-balancing on both main driving axles ("tipping" of the counterbalance lunes).
In the context of balance, it should be mentioned also that for this type of two cylinder (single cylinder per side) locomotive, the counterbalance weights balance all of the rotating mass per the above, but balance only a portion of the reciprocating mass.
The rotating mass (crank pins, each end of the side rods, back portion of main rod) can be theoretically perfectly balanced with counterbalance weight. However, the reciprocating mass (piston assemby, piston rod, crosshead, union link, bottom portion of combination lever, front part of main rod) cannot be balanced with the driver counterbalances. Any attempt to balance reciprocating mass only results in trading off horizontal unbalance for a vertical unbalance component (overbalance). This overbalance force, referred to as hammer blow, increases with the square of the velocity and is an undesirable characteristic of steam locomotives that was damaging to railbeds and bridges at higher speeds."


Slide Valve Eccentric
Slide Valve Operation 1
http://www.mgsteam.btinternet.co.uk/svalve.htm

The slide valve is not only one of the most important inventions of the Victorian era, but an important part of any self-respecting stationary steam engine. The above link leads to an interesting site:

Quote: "THE SLIDE VALVE. The admission of steam into the cylinder has to be controlled so that live steam (steam from the boiler) pushes the piston backwards and forwards to obtain a continuous rotary motion to the crank. The mechanism that controls the steam admission is called the valve gear or valve mechanism. The simplest type of valve is the slide valve which consists of a hollowed out block of metal which forms the shape of a 'D' when it is cut through in section as shown."


The same site explains other parts of the steam engine such as the Corliss valve:
Section of a Corliss valve in the cylinder



Corliss valve positions

http://www.mgsteam.btinternet.co.uk/cvalve.htm

Together, the slide valve and the Corliss valve work together to drive the steam engine.



http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/basic6.htm
The site which is linked above is entitled 'The Great Western Archive' and shows how the valve gear works on a moving steam locomotive.


- Nice wheels... http://www.walkertrans.org/images/wfrey/wfrey_2drivers.jpg:


- The fundamental operation of a steam engine, http://www.uefap.com/images/steameng.jpg:











http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/smallest/smallest_steam_engine_made_by_Iqbal_Ahmed_set_world_record_70662.htm
The world's smallest working steam engine...